World Protests and Human Rights (in English and in Spanish)
By Isabel Ortiz and Hernán Cortes
After a period of forced silence because of the Covid-19 quarantines, citizens around the world are defying coronavirus restrictions and claiming the streets to fight for real democracy and human rights, and against corruption, inequality and injustice. We predict an increasing wave of protests all over the world led by different types of people defying the status quo. Unless policies change, clashes in the street are likely to become the new normal.
In June 2020, we have seen protests against racism and police brutality explode in the US and internationally after another black man died in police custody. We saw Chileans and South Africans protesting lockdown-food shortages, scarcity of work, and costly social services, and Ecuadorans demonstrating against IMF-supported austerity cuts. Lebanon was convulsed with riots over corruption, lack of jobs and public services. Protesters in Hong Kong continued to defy China’s tightening grip. In Israel they denounce West Bank annexation, while in the Philippines they condemned President Duterte’s Anti-Terrorism Act as a breach of civil rights and the Constitution. Young people took to the streets in Senegal over the lockdown and lack of jobs and opportunities. In Spain we saw health workers demanding safer working conditions while workers from other industries faced massive layoffs. In many countries, people protest in car-based caravans to maintain social distancing because of the pandemic.
There have been periods in history when large numbers of people rebelled against the status quo and demanded change, such as in 1848, 1917 and 1968. While protests have intensified in recent weeks because of the pandemic, the level of protests worldwide has remained high for more than a decade, with some of the largest protests in world history. They were set off by the 2008 financial crisis and commodity price spikes, such as those that sparked food riots in Africa and Asia, three years before the “Arab Spring”, the “Indignados” (Outraged) in Spain or “Occupy” in the US and Hong Kong. More recently, we have seen massive protests in Latin America and a global feminist wave set off by the “Me Too” movement. Now, as Covid-19 makes its way around the world, we are experiencing the continuation of this period of rising outrage and discontent.
We have been studying world protests and published a study based on 2006-13 with interesting lessons that look even more relevant now that back in 2013. To start, the number of protests has been increasing on a yearly basis. Protesters’ main general demand was for economic and social justice in the face of prescribed austerity reforms; however, the overwhelming grievance of protesters – similar to today’s, regardless of the political system of their country, was the lack of “real democracy”. Other common demands relate to people’s rights such as racial, gender or labor rights. The main target of the protests was national governments, but global institutions and corporations were also targeted.
A profile of demonstrators revealed that not only traditional protesters (eg. activists, unions) were demonstrating; on the contrary, middle classes, youth, older persons and other social groups were actively protesting in most countries because of lack of trust and disillusionment with the current political and economic system.
People around the world are acutely aware that policy-making has not prioritized them but private and corporate interests. Across the political spectrum, there is rebellion against politics as usual and trust on democracy has plummeted. Governments both authoritarian and democratic are failing to respond to the needs of ordinary people. Many demonstrations and marches also explicitly denounce the international system and financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, which have been widely perceived as the chief architects of inequitable reforms.
Not only is the number of protests increasing, but also the number of protestors. Crowd estimates suggest that dozens of rallies had more than one million protesters; some of those may well be the largest protests in history (eg. 100 million in India in 2013, 17 million in Egypt during the Arab Spring). In parallel to this increase, current demonstrations show us how vintage tactics share space with digital activism where a new wave of resistance is blossoming.
Repression is well documented in over half of the protests in our study. According to media reports, the protests that generated the most arrests were in Iran, the UK, Russia, Chile, Malaysia, US and Cameroon (different years). Our research, that we continue updating, also documents a rising concern with some modes of repression that do not imply the use of physical violence: citizen surveillance. Repression is a main concern for human rights lawyers; recently, the UN Human Rights Office reported multiple police violations in Chile, and Human Rights Watch in Ecuador, Lebanon, and elsewhere. In 2019, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights issued standards on the rights involved in social protest and the obligations to guide the response of the State.
If there is repression, what are the controversial demands that protesters are putting forward? The grievances demanded cross over virtually every area of public policy, from inequalities, jobs, public services and social protection to the environment, finance, taxation, corruption and justice. The majority of the demands are not radical at all, they are in full accordance with United Nations proposals and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Precisely, the UN Human Rights Council adopted in 2019 the Guiding Principles for Human Rights Impact Assessments for Economic Reform Policies, setting out the human rights standards that should anchor economic policymaking, including austerity reforms or fiscal adjustment. The Center for Economic and Social Rights and the Global Initiative For Economic, Social And Cultural Rights have also produced materials monitoring the human rights impacts of policy reforms.
Governments need to listen to the demands from citizens legitimately protesting the denial of social, economic and civil rights. Leaders and policymakers will only invite further unrest if they fail to prioritize and act on the demand for real democracy.
Isabel Ortiz is Director of the Global Social Justice Program at the Initiative for Policy Dialogue, Columbia University, and former director of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNICEF @isabelortizUN
Hernan Cortes Saenz is PhD in International Relations @nanchisworld